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     2.    EMS Agenda for the Future Implementation Guide. 1998; http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/agenda/index.html.

     3.    Perry S, Wilkinson SL. The technology assessment and practice guidelines forum. A modified group judgment method. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1992; 8(2):289-300. [PubMed]

     4.    Emergency Medical Services for Children: Summary. Jane S.Durch and Kathleen N.Lohr, editor: Emergency Medical Services for Children: Summary. National Academy Press 1993 www.ems-c.org.

     5.    Maio RF, Garrison HG, Spaite DW, Desmond JS, Gregor MA, Cayten CG et al. Emergency medical services outcomes project I (EMSOP I): prioritizing conditions for outcomes research. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33(4):423-432. [PubMed]

     6.    Seidel JS, Henderson D, Tittle S, Jaffe DM, Spaite D, Dean JM et al. Priorities for research in emergency medical services for children: results of a consensus conference [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33(2):206-210. [PubMed]

     7.    Murphy S. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, editors: Deaths: Final Data for 1998. Public Health Service  2000. Volume 48, Number 11:1-106.  www.cdc.gov/nchs/releases/00news/finaldeath98.htm.

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   11.    Mullins RJ, Mann NC. Population-based research assessing the effectiveness of trauma systems [see comments]. J Trauma 1999; 47(3 Suppl):S59-S66.  [PubMed]

   12.    Alonso-Serra H, Blanton D, O'Connor RE. Physician medical direction in EMS. National Association of EMS Physicians. Prehosp Emerg Care 1998; 2(2):153-157.  [PubMed]

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   15.    Bertini G, Giglioli C, Biggeri A, Margheri M, Simonetti I, Sica ML et al. Intravenous nitrates in the prehospital management of acute pulmonary edema [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30(4):493-499.  [PubMed]

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   17.    O'Connor RE, Domeier RM. An evaluation of the pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG) in various clinical settings [see comments]. Prehosp Emerg Care 1997; 1(1):36-44.  [PubMed]

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   25.    Stiell IG, Wells GA, Spaite DW, Lyver MB, Munkley DP, Field BJ et al. The Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) Study: rationale and methodology for cardiac arrest patients [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32(2):180-190.  [PubMed]

   26.    Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field BJ, Spaite DW, De Maio VJ, Ward R et al. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival through the inexpensive optimization of an existing defibrillation program: OPALS study phase II. Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support [see comments]. JAMA 1999; 281(13):1175-1181.  [PubMed]

   27.    Callaham M. Quantifying the scanty science of prehospital emergency care [comment] [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30(6):785-790.  [PubMed]

   28.    Cornwell EE, III, Belzberg H, Hennigan K, Maxson C, Montoya G, Rosenbluth A et al. Emergency medical services (EMS) vs non-EMS transport of critically injured patients: a prospective evaluation. Arch Surg 2000; 135(3):315-319.  [PubMed]

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   50.    Mattox KL, Bickell W, Pepe PE, Burch J, Feliciano D. Prospective MAST study in 911 patients. J Trauma 1989; 29(8):1104-1111.  [PubMed]

   51.    Kudenchuk PJ. Intravenous antiarrhythmic drug therapy in the resuscitation from refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84(9A):52R-55R.  [PubMed]

   52.    O'Connor RE, Cone DC, De Lorenzo RA, Domeier RM, Moore WE, Taillac PP et al. EMS systems: foundations for the future. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6(1):46-53.  [PubMed]

   53.    Biros MH, Barsan WG, Lewis RJ, Sanders AB. Supporting emergency medicine research: developing the infrastructure. Acad Emerg Med 1998; 5(2):177-184.  [PubMed]

   54.    Ling LJ. Proceedings of the Future of Emergency Medicine Research Conference, part I: executive summary. Acad Emerg Med 1998; 5(2):147-151.  [PubMed]

   55.    Maio RF, Garrison HG, Spaite DW, Desmond JS, Gregor MA, Cayten CG et al. Emergency medical services outcomes project I (EMSOP I): prioritizing conditions for outcomes research. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33(4):423-432.  [PubMed]

   56.    Jones SE, Brenneis AT. Study design in prehospital trauma advanced life support-basic life support research: a critical review. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20(8):857-860.  [PubMed]

   57.    Spaite DW, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Meislin HW. Prehospital advanced life support for major trauma: critical need for clinical trials. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32(4):480-489.  [PubMed]

   58.    Moore L. Measuring quality and effectiveness of prehospital EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3(4):325-331.  [PubMed]

   59.    Brice JH, Garrison HG, Evans AT. Study design and outcomes in out-of-hospital emergency medicine research: a ten-year analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4(2):144-150.  [PubMed]

   60.    Levine M, Walter S, Lee H, Haines T, Holbrook A, Moyer V. Users' guides to the medical literature. IV. How to use an article about harm. Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994; 271(20):1615-1619.  [PubMed]

   61.    Jaeschke R, Guyatt G, Sackett DL. Users' guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 1994; 271(5):389-391.  [PubMed]

   62.    Jayawickramarajah PT. How to evaluate educational programmes in the health professions. Med Teach 1992; 14(2-3):159-166.  [PubMed]

   63.    Brazier H, Murphy AW, Lynch C, Bury G. Searching for the evidence in pre-hospital care: a review of randomised controlled trials. On behalf of the Ambulance Response Time Sub-Group of the National Ambulance Advisory Committee. J Accid Emerg Med 1999; 16(1):18-23.  [PubMed]

   64.    Singer AJ, Homan CS, Stark MJ, Werblud MC, Thode HC, Jr., Hollander JE. Comparison of types of research articles published in emergency medicine and non-emergency medicine journals. Acad Emerg Med 1997; 4(12):1153-1158.  [PubMed]

   65.    Singer AJ, Homan CS, Brody M, Thode HC, Jr., Hollander JE. Evolution of abstracts presented at the annual scientific meetings of academic emergency medicine. Am J Emerg Med 1999; 17(6):540-543.  [PubMed]

   66.    Stiell IG, Wells GA, Spaite DW, Nichol G, O'Brien B, Munkley DP et al. The Ontario Prehospital Advanced Life Support (OPALS) study Part II: Rationale and methodology for trauma and respiratory distress patients. OPALS Study Group. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 34(2):256-262.  [PubMed]

   67.    Brown CG, Martin DR, Pepe PE, Stueven H, Cummins RO, Gonzalez E et al. A comparison of standard-dose and high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital. The Multicenter High-Dose Epinephrine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992; 327(15):1051-1055.  [PubMed]

   68.    Spaite DW, Criss EA, Valenzuela TD, Guisto J. Emergency medical service systems research: problems of the past, challenges of the future [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1995; 26(2):146-152.  [PubMed]

   69.    Kohli R, Tan JK, Piontek FA, Ziege DE, Groot H. Integrating cost information with health management support system: an enhanced methodology to assess health care quality drivers. Top Health Inf Manage 1999; 20(1):80-95.  [PubMed]

   70.    Fox J, Thomson R. Decision support and disease management: a logic engineering approach. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed 1998; 2(4):217-228.  [PubMed]

   71.    Mosesso VN, Jr., Davis EA, Auble TE, Paris PM, Yealy DM. Use of automated external defibrillators by police officers for treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32(2):200-207.  [PubMed]

   72.    White RD, Hankins DG, Bugliosi TF. Seven years' experience with early defibrillation by police and paramedics in an emergency medical services system. Resuscitation 1998; 39(3):145-151.  [PubMed]

   73.    White LJ, Cooper JD, Chambers RM, Gradisek R. Prehospital use of analgesia for suspected extremity fractures. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4:205-208.  [PubMed]

   74.    Johnson DR, Macias D, Dunlap A, Hauswald M, Doezema D. A new approach to teaching prehospital trauma care to paramedic students. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33(1):51-55.  [PubMed]

   75.    Brown LH, Fowler NH. An evaluation of EMS educational programs in North Carolina. North Carolina Community College System Emergency Medical Science Curriculum Improvement Project Advisory and Steering Committees. Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3(2):157-162.  [PubMed]

   76.    Michael J, French A, King JA. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes: EMS education agenda for the future: a vision for the future of EMS education. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 35(6):623-625.  [PubMed]

   77.    Herman LL, Willoughby PJ, Koenigsberg MD, Ward S, McDonald CC. A comparison of EMS continuing education for paramedics in the United States. Prehospital Disaster Med 1996; 11(4):292-295.  [PubMed]

   78.    Moshinskie JF. Reader attitudes toward journal-based continuing education for EMS personnel. Prehospital Disaster Med 1997; 12(4):258-263.  [PubMed]

   79.    Sayre MR, Sakles JC, Mistler AF, Evans JL, Kramer AT, Pancioli AM. Field trial of endotracheal intubation by basic EMTs [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31(2):228-233.  [PubMed]

   80.    Bradley JS, Billows GL, Olinger ML, Boha SP, Cordell WH, Nelson DR. Prehospital oral endotracheal intubation by rural basic emergency medical technicians. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 32(1):26-32.  [PubMed]

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   83.    Mann NC, Mullins RJ. Research recommendations and proposed action items to facilitate trauma system implementation and evaluation. J Trauma 1999; 47(3 Suppl):S75-S78.  [PubMed]

   84.    Cummins RO, Chamberlain DA, Abramson NS, Allen M, Baskett P, Becker L et al. Recommended guidelines for uniform reporting of data from out-of- hospital cardiac arrest: the Utstein Style. Task Force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20(8):861-874.  [PubMed]

   85.    Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R. Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests--epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation 1995; 30(2):141-150.  [PubMed]

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   89.    Cone DC, Jaslow DS, Brabson TA. Now that we have the Utstein style, are we using it? [see comments]. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6(9):923-928.  [PubMed]

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   92.    Dean JM, Vernon DD, Cook L, Nechodom P, Reading J, Suruda A. Probabilistic linkage of computerized ambulance and inpatient hospital discharge records: a potential tool for evaluation of emergency medical services. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 37(6):616-626.  [PubMed]

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   94.    Spaite DW, Conroy C, Tibbitts M, Karriker KJ, Seng M, Battaglia N et al. Use of emergency medical services by children with special health care needs. Prehosp Emerg Care 2000; 4(1):19-23.  [PubMed]

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   98.    Biros MH, Fish SS, Lewis RJ. Implementing the Food and Drug Administration's final rule for waiver of informed consent in certain emergency research circumstances [see comments]. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6(12):1272-1282.  [PubMed]

   99.    Smithline HA, Mader TJ, Crenshaw BJ. Do patients with acute medical conditions have the capacity to give informed consent for emergency medicine research? [see comments]. Acad Emerg Med 1999; 6(8):776-780.  [PubMed]

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102.    Zehner WJ, Jr., Scott JM, Iannolo PM, Ungaro A, Terndrup TE. Terbutaline vs albuterol for out-of-hospital respiratory distress: randomized, double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 1995; 2(8):686-691.  [PubMed]

103.    Brokaw J, Olson L, Fullerton L, Tandberg D, Sklar D. Repeated ambulance use by patients with acute alcohol intoxication, seizure disorder, and respiratory illness. Am J Emerg Med 1998; 16(2):141-144.  [PubMed]

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106.    Mateer JR, Stueven HA, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Darin JC. Interposed abdominal compression CPR versus standard CPR in prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest: preliminary results. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13(9 Pt 2):764-766.  [PubMed]

107.    Olson DW, Thompson BM, Darin JC, Milbrath MH. A randomized comparison study of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine in resuscitation of patients from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in a paramedic system. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13(9 Pt 2):807-810.  [PubMed]

108.    Paris PM, Stewart RD, Deggler F. Prehospital use of dexamethasone in pulseless idioventricular rhythm. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13(11):1008-1010.  [PubMed]

109.    Stueven HA, Thompson BM, Aprahamian C, Tonsfeldt DJ. Calcium chloride: reassessment of use in asystole. Ann Emerg Med 1984; 13(9 Pt 2):820-822.  [PubMed]

110.    Bickell WH, Pepe PE, Wyatt CH, Dedo WR, Applebaum DJ, Black CT et al. Effect of antishock trousers on the trauma score: a prospective analysis in the urban setting. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14(3):218-222.  [PubMed]

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112.    Silfvast T, Saarnivaara L, Kinnunen A, Erosuo J, Nick L, Pesonen P et al. Comparison of adrenaline and phenylephrine in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985; 29(6):610-613.  [PubMed]

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124.    Barthell E, Troiano P, Olson D, Stueven HA, Hendley G. Prehospital external cardiac pacing: a prospective, controlled clinical trial [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17(11):1221-1226.  [PubMed]

125.    Dubois-Rande JL, Herve C, Duval-Moulin AM, Gaillard M, Boesch C, Louvard Y et al. [Prehospital thrombolysis. Evaluation of preliminary experiences at Val- de-Marne]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1989; 82(12):1963-1966.  [PubMed]

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128.    Olson DW, Thakur R, Stueven HA, Thompson B, Gruchow H, Hendley GE et al. Randomized study of epinephrine versus methoxamine in prehospital ventricular fibrillation [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med 1989; 18(3):250-253.  [PubMed]

129.    Barbash GI, Roth A, Hod H, Miller HI, Modan M, Rath S et al. Improved survival but not left ventricular function with early and prehospital treatment with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66(3):261-266.  [PubMed]

130.    Hargarten KM, Stueven HA, Waite EM, Olson DW, Mateer JR, Aufderheide TP et al. Prehospital experience with defibrillation of coarse ventricular fibrillation: a ten-year review. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19(2):157-162.  [PubMed]

131.    Karagounis L, Ipsen SK, Jessop MR, Gilmore KM, Valenti DA, Clawson JJ et al. Impact of field-transmitted electrocardiography on time to in-hospital thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990; 66(10):786-791.  [PubMed]

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